TikTok Account Valuation: What Actually Drives the Price in 2026

Follower count is the first number in every TikTok listing and the worst predictor of what the account is worth. Two accounts both show 120,000 followers. One delivers three million views a month to a United States audience advertisers compete for. The other delivers 180,000 and got there on one video that went viral two years ago. Same headline number. Different assets. The gap is a multiple, not a rounding error.

What follows is the method: the signals that move price and the reasoning behind each. There is no follower-to-dollars formula on TikTok, and anyone selling you one is selling a guess. The most expensive mistake buyers make is paying for monetization they will never receive.

Why follower count is the weakest number in a TikTok listing

On most platforms, followers are a distribution list. You post, your followers see it. Reach tracks audience size, so audience size proxies value. That logic holds on X, and on Telegram, where a channel broadcasts to its subscribers.

TikTok does not work that way. Reach is decided by a recommendation system, not by your follower graph. TikTok calls the For You feed "the heart of the TikTok experience" and says it is "powered by a recommendation system that helps connect you to content, creators, and topics you might enjoy," per its For You feed Eligibility Standards. Followers are one input. They are not the pipe.

So an account can have a large follower count and no distribution. Followers accumulate permanently. Distribution is re-earned every time you post. An account that won 400,000 followers from a run of hits in 2024 still shows 400,000 in 2026, even if its last twelve videos averaged 900 views.

You do not have to take that on faith, because TikTok does not price accounts on followers either. Its Creator Rewards Program eligibility rules require "at least 10,000 followers and 100,000 video views in the last 30 days." Note the second half. The platform demands proof of recent, trailing-window distribution before admitting an account to its own monetization program. If the company holding the real data will not treat followers as sufficient evidence of reach, neither should you.

We have argued the same for X, where account age beats follower count. On TikTok it goes further. The asset is not the audience list. It is the account's standing with a recommendation system.

Recent view velocity is what actually prices the account

If you get one number, take views in the last 30 days. If you get two, take the last 30 and the last 90. Everything else is context.

View velocity answers the question follower count dodges: is this thing working right now? An account doing 2.9 million views in the last 30 days is being served to people. An account doing 180,000 is not, whatever its follower count claims. You are buying future attention, and recent attention is the best evidence of it.

Lifetime views are close to useless for pricing, and they are what sellers reach for when the recent figures are bad. They are cumulative and can never fall, so a dead account's count looks identical to a live one's. A listing that leads with "over 40M views" is telling you what the seller would rather not show.

What to actually ask for

Ask for a screen recording of the analytics, not screenshots. A recording shows the navigation, the date selector, and the numbers changing as the range changes, which is harder to fake than a still image. Ask for:

• Total views for the last 30 and last 90 days, shown in the analytics view rather than typed into a message.
• Per-video view counts for the last twenty posts, so you can compute a median instead of trusting an average.
• The traffic source breakdown, specifically the share of views from the For You feed versus followers, search, or the profile.
• Audience territory breakdown, which drives the geography argument below.
• Posting dates, so you can see cadence and gaps.

Run the ratios yourself. Our TikTok engagement calculator handles the arithmetic, and it is only as good as the numbers you feed it.

One caution on benchmarks. Posts asserting that a healthy TikTok engagement rate is some precise figure draw on vendor samples that contradict each other and swing wildly by niche, size, and format. We will not give you a threshold, because an honest one does not exist. Compare the account to itself over time, and to a few similar accounts at the same size.

One viral spike is not a business

A single viral video is the most reliable way to inflate a listing and to destroy a buyer's return. Averages are sensitive to outliers, and sellers quote averages.

Take twenty recent posts. Nineteen did 2,000 views. One did 22 million. The average is roughly 1.1 million per post. The median is 2,000. The seller quotes the average, which is arithmetically true and a description of one lucky day. Buy that account, post, and expect 2,000 views.

The spike is worse than neutral, because it warps the follower base. A video reaching 22 million converts a slice of them into followers with no interest in the account's normal subject. They followed a moment. The account ends up with a follower count inflated by the spike and an engagement rate depressed by it, and the depressed engagement is the honest number.

So use the median. A top post at four times the median is a working account with normal variance. A top post at four thousand times the median is one video with a profile attached. The exception is a spike followed by two months of elevated views, which reset the baseline. That shows up across both windows, which is another reason to insist on both.

Is the account still being served to strangers?

This separates a live TikTok asset from a corpse with a follower count. Reach comes from being recommended to people who do not follow you. If that stopped, the account is worth a fraction of what the profile suggests.

TikTok is unusually direct here. Its For You feed standards say certain content is made "ineligible for the FYF," and that creators can verify it: "Creators can check TikTok's analytics to see how their videos are performing, including if there were any made ineligible for recommendation." That is a due diligence instruction, and a seller who will not show it is making a choice.

TikTok adds that "Even if a video doesn't make it to the FYF, people may still find it through search or by going to a creator's account." So read the traffic sources. An account whose views come overwhelmingly from its own profile and followers has stopped being promoted, and can still post respectable totals with no growth mechanism left.

Account-level restriction is more serious. Under its Integrity and Authenticity guidelines, TikTok says that where it finds deceptive account behavior it may "Restrict your account, which could include limiting your ability to post new content, appear in top search results, or in the FYF." That is the platform describing an account that exists but reaches nobody. The account's own analytics are the evidence that settles it, which is why access before purchase is not optional.

Watch-through beats likes

Likes are cheap and shallow. Watch time is what the recommendation system optimizes for, so it predicts whether distribution continues.

Read ratios, not raw counts. Completion rate on longer videos shows the content holds attention rather than catching a thumb. Shares indicate the video was worth a social risk, the most expensive action a viewer can take. An account with modest likes and strong watch time is usually healthier than the reverse. Do not compare watch-through across formats, though. A 12-second loop and a 4-minute talking-head video are not on the same scale, and an account that recently switched formats will show a discontinuity about the format, not decline.

Audience geography and the advertiser math

Two accounts with identical view counts are not worth the same money if their audiences live in different places. This is not a preference. It is advertiser spend, and it is the least emotional part of TikTok valuation.

TikTok does not publish revenue per user by region. Meta publishes something close, and the pattern is industry-wide. In its Q1 2026 Form 10-Q filed with the SEC, Meta tells investors that "Our revenue in regions such as United States & Canada and Europe is relatively higher primarily due to the size and maturity of those online and mobile advertising markets, and ad impression growth is primarily in geographies that monetize at lower rates, such as Asia-Pacific." A company telling shareholders that some geographies "monetize at lower rates" is a regulated disclosure, not a marketing claim.

The same logic prices TikTok audiences. An impression served in the United States is worth more than one served in a market with less ad spend, so a US-heavy audience commands a premium at the same view count.

Geography also gates monetization structurally. Creator Rewards "is currently open to creators in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, South Korea, France, Mexico, and Brazil, so you must be based in one of these countries and have an account registered there." Eight countries. Register outside that list and the program is unavailable, however good the numbers look.

The jurisdiction is now explicit. TikTok's US Terms of Service, last updated July 15, 2026, are an agreement with "TikTok USDS Joint Venture LLC," described as "the operator of the Platform in the United States." That entity came out of the US joint venture that closed on January 22, 2026, with the US operation reportedly valued at roughly $14 billion, according to TechCrunch. US accounts are governed by a US entity, in the market advertisers pay most for.

Niche premium: who is bidding for that attention

Attention is not fungible. A view is worth what someone will pay to reach the person who watched.

Niches where the audience sits near a purchase decision carry a premium. Personal finance, business software, and technology attract advertisers with real budgets and long customer lifetimes. Beauty and skincare have direct product attachment. Fitness, home improvement, and parenting have durable commercial demand. These price above their view counts.

General entertainment, meme reposts, and clip compilations sit at the other end. They generate enormous view counts and little commercial value, because no obvious advertiser maps to the audience. Volume without intent is cheap. It is also the category most likely to be built from other people's content.

Hold the market context lightly. Goldman Sachs Research estimated in April 2023 that the creator economy could roughly double to $480 billion by 2027. The same research found "only about 4% of global creators are deemed professionals, meaning they pull in more than $100,000 a year." That second figure is the useful one. The money is real and it is concentrated in the top four percent.

See what niches clear at by browsing live inventory. The TikTok directory and current TikTok listings give you comparables, which beats any rule of thumb.

The monetization trap: what does not transfer with the account

This is the most commonly mispriced thing in TikTok account sales.

A listing says the account is monetized and earning. The buyer prices it as an income stream. It is not one. TikTok's monetization programs attach to a person, and the person is not part of the sale.

Start with tax, the cleanest illustration. TikTok's guidance on tax information for creators states that "If you're a creator monetizing on TikTok, you're required to provide your TIN. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) requires TikTok to obtain your tax information before making any payments to you." Payment runs to a Tax Identification Number on a W-9 or a W-8BEN. That form carries the seller's name. It does not convey with the login.

Eligibility compounds this. Creator Rewards requires the creator to be at least 18, on a Personal Account rather than a Business Account, based in one of the eight eligible countries with the account registered there, and in good standing. TikTok says it "will periodically review accounts for eligibility." A buyer in a ninth country inherits nothing. A buyer who converts to a Business Account loses eligibility, and can only reapply "after 30 days."

LIVE earnings are the most explicit case. Under TikTok's Virtual Items Policy, Diamonds, the credits creators accrue from Gifts and convert to money, are locked to the account holder: "No Diamonds may be assigned or transferred to any other user of the Services or third party except as expressly permitted by us in writing." It adds that "Accrued Diamonds do not constitute property and are not transferable: (a) upon death; (b) as part of a domestic relations matter; or (c) otherwise by operation of law." The enforcement language is blunt: "Any Diamonds assigned, sold, or otherwise transferred without the express written consent of us are void," and a user who violates the restriction "may have his or her account terminated by us, forfeit Diamonds from his or her account, and/or be subject to liability for damages."

Read that as a pricing instruction. An undrawn Diamond balance is not an asset you are buying. It is the seller's money, non-transferable by the platform's own terms, and moving it is stated grounds for termination. Require the seller to withdraw it before handover and price the account at zero for it.

So how should you price monetization?

As a signal, not an inheritance.

An account admitted to Creator Rewards has been independently verified by TikTok as clearing 10,000 followers and 100,000 views in a trailing 30-day window, posting original content, and staying in good standing. That is a real third-party quality check on the audience, run by the only party with the underlying data. Pay something for it.

What it is not is a revenue line you can discount to present value. The income depends on the buyer independently qualifying, in an eligible country, with their own tax identity, on a personal account, and staying in good standing. Any of those can fail. Our TikTok money calculator sizes what an audience could earn, and it is a ceiling under assumptions, not an assurance. If a price only works when you assume existing earnings continue under new ownership, it does not work.

Violation history, fake engagement, and legal exposure

Strike history is invisible from outside and expensive inside. It is among the strongest reasons to demand account access before money moves.

TikTok publishes specific thresholds, quantified in a way most valuation content ignores. Among the factors making an account ineligible for rewards: "Content violation threshold: Your account has 5 video violations in the past 30 days." And more permanently: "Account violation threshold: Your account has 5 total account violations, which will make you permanently ineligible for the program."

Sit with the second one. Five total account violations is a permanent bar from Creator Rewards. Not a suspension. Not a cooldown. An account carrying four is one strike from losing the platform's primary monetization program forever, and nothing on the public profile reveals it. A buyer who does not check is buying an unexploded liability.

TikTok also lists a "Security issue" trigger for accounts showing "unusual or suspicious activity, such as artificial engagement, manipulation of the rewards system, harassment of other users, or involvement in illegal activities." Where an account is permanently banned, "you will forfeit any outstanding rewards." The downside is not only future income. It is the balance too.

Bought followers are a legal problem, not only a quality problem

16 CFR 465.8 makes it "an unfair or deceptive act or practice" for anyone to "Sell or distribute fake indicators of social media influence that they knew or should have known to be fake," and equally to "Purchase or procure" them. The rule's definitions section reaches followers, views, likes, and comments among other metrics, and defines fake indicators as those "generated by bots, purported individual accounts not associated with a real individual, accounts created with a real individual's personal information without their consent, or hijacked accounts."

Read what the rule does and does not do, because this gets misreported. It does not prohibit selling a real social media account. It prohibits trafficking in fake influence metrics. That distinction is the entire basis of a legitimate account marketplace. But an account inflated with purchased followers is not merely overpriced. Both sides of that deal are handling exactly what the rule describes. This is general information, not legal advice.

TikTok's rules run parallel. Its Integrity and Authenticity guidelines say "we don't allow accounts that mislead or try to manipulate our platform, or the trade of services that artificially boost engagement or trick the recommendation system." Be precise: that clause targets trade in artificial engagement services. The restriction on transferring an account lives in the Terms of Service. Two separate rules, constantly conflated.

So audit before you price. Sudden follower jumps with no matching view jump, comments full of generic praise, and a follower geography that contradicts the territory data are the usual tells. Our guide to organic versus bought followers covers the detection method. The method we published for checking whether an X account has real followers transfers cleanly, because implausible ratios are platform-independent.

Format dependence: sounds, trends, and the person on camera

Ask what would have to stay true for this account to keep working after you own it.

Sound and trend dependence is the first failure mode. An account whose reach rides trending audio is renting distribution from the trend, not owning it. Trends have short half-lives. When the sound stops being served, the format stops working and view velocity drops without anything changing about the account. If the last 90 days are concentrated in two or three trending sounds, you are buying a strategy with an expiry date.

Face dependence is more expensive. If the draw is a specific person on camera, and that person is the seller, the thing generating the views is not being sold to you. The audience followed a face and a voice. Change the face and retention falls, and the recommendation system answers falling watch-through by cutting distribution. The follower count survives the handover. The performance does not.

The accounts that transfer best are the ones where the format is the asset and the operator is interchangeable. Hands-only tutorials. Text-over-footage explainers. Product demonstrations. A faceless account with disciplined output and a defensible niche is often worth more than a personality account with three times the followers. One is transferable. The other is a person's career.

Content rights are the quiet version of the problem. TikTok's rewards eligibility flags "Unoriginal content: Your account info or video content is copied from others or has minimal original input or edits" as disqualifying. Big view counts on borrowed material price low for good reason.

Platform risk is a real discount on TikTok

TikTok's Terms of Service, section 3.2, say: "Do not give others access to your account, or transfer your account to anyone else, without our permission." That is unambiguous, and it is a genuine risk factor that belongs in the price. Our guide to selling a TikTok account covers the transfer mechanics in full.

The same section adds an exposure most listings never mention: "We may revoke, reclaim, and/or reassign the username of your account in certain circumstances, such as, when you have not logged into your account for 180 days, if we ban your account, or if we reasonably believe that your username violates our Terms." A dormant account has a clock on its handle. The idle period is not neutral, it is elapsed time against a 180-day reclaim window. Ask for the last login date and price the answer.

The broader reality is that a username is not property you own. Paula Brillson, managing attorney of the Digital Law Group, told Sherwood News in June 2024: "You have no right to a username." She continued: "You're a guest. You're leasing space and that is your ID." You are buying an operating position on someone else's platform, subject to their terms, revocable under conditions they define.

That reporting is also a corrective on market size. Sherwood found username sales typically range between $1,000 and $100,000, "with most falling in the single and tens of thousands," and the highest sale one long-time broker had seen was $200,000. On the middleman market SWAPD, roughly one in every 1,000 deals goes bad. Deals here mostly complete. They do not always.

So price the risk. A TikTok account should carry a discount against an asset you own outright, because you do not own it outright. Then separate the two risks. Platform risk cannot be escrowed away. Counterparty risk, the risk that the person across the table takes your money or your account, is entirely addressable. That is what the transaction structure is for.

Two accounts, same follower count, different value

Here is the argument in one table. Both accounts show 120,000 followers. The figures are illustrative, built to isolate the signals rather than drawn from any specific listing.

Signal	Account A (nail art tutorials)	Account B (meme clip reposts)	Why it matters
Followers	120,000	120,000	Identical. The number both listings lead with.
Lifetime views	14.2M	41.8M	B looks better and is worth far less. Lifetime totals only go up.
Views, last 30 days	2.9M	180,000	The number that prices the asset. A delivers about 16x the recent attention.
Views, last 90 days	8.4M	640,000	A holds its pace. B is below its own 90-day average.
Median views per post	31,000	1,900	What to expect when you post tomorrow.
Best single video	410,000	22,000,000	B's average is a lie told by one video.
Posts, last 90 days	46	4	A is an operating account. B is parked.
Reach from For You feed	Majority of views	Small minority	B is no longer served to strangers.
Top audience territory	71% United States	9% United States	A's attention is worth more per view to advertisers.
Creator Rewards standing	Eligible	Ineligible, unoriginal content	A passed TikTok's own audience check. B failed.
Account violations	0	3	B is two strikes from permanent program ineligibility.
Transferability	Hands only, format is the asset	Reposted third-party clips	A survives the handover. B has a rights problem.

On the only metric describing future attention, A delivers roughly sixteen times what B does, from an audience worth more per view, in a niche with real advertisers, with a clean record and a transferable format. B has a bigger lifetime number and one spectacular video. Price them the same and one is a bargain, the other a trap. The follower count told you nothing.

The value drivers, ranked

Driver	Direction	Reasoning
Views in the last 30 days	Strong up	Best evidence of current distribution. TikTok's own program uses this window.
Median views per post	Strong up	Describes the typical outcome. Immune to the one-spike distortion that inflates averages.
Share of reach from non-followers	Up	Proves the recommendation system still serves the account. This is the growth engine.
Watch-through and shares	Up	Feeds the signal the system optimizes for, predicting continued distribution.
US and high-spend audience share	Up	Advertisers pay more per impression in mature ad markets. Same views, more revenue.
Niche with commercial intent	Up	Finance, beauty, and tech attract advertisers. General entertainment attracts volume.
Posting consistency	Up	Evidence of an operating asset, not a parked one.
Format that survives handover	Up	Faceless, repeatable formats transfer. Personality-led accounts largely do not.
Creator Rewards eligibility	Modest up	A third-party quality check on the audience. Not an income stream you inherit.
Follower count	Weak up	Historical record, not a forecast. The weakest common signal on TikTok.
Lifetime views	Neutral	Cumulative and can never fall. A dead account and a live one look the same.
One viral outlier	Down, adjusted	Inflates the average and pollutes the follower base with uninterested followers.
Account violations	Strong down	Five total account violations is permanent Creator Rewards ineligibility. Invisible from outside.
Artificial engagement	Strong down	Triggers TikTok's security review. 16 CFR 465.8 reaches buyer and seller alike.
Sound or trend dependence	Down	Distribution is rented from the trend. It expires without warning.
Registered outside the 8 program countries	Down	Creator Rewards is unavailable to the account at all.
Dormancy approaching 180 days	Down	TikTok may reclaim the username after 180 days without a login.

How to run the valuation without guessing

The method is boring, which is the point.

1. Get the analytics as a screen recording: both windows, traffic sources, audience territories, and per-video views for the last twenty posts. If this is refused, stop.
2. Compute the median views per post. Ignore the average and lifetime totals.
3. Check the trend. Divide the 90-day total by three and compare it to the last 30 days.
4. Check whether reach still comes from the For You feed. If not, treat the account as a follower list, not a distribution asset.
5. Check the audience territory split and weight a US-heavy audience up.
6. Count violations inside the account. Four is a materially different asset than zero.
7. Ask what breaks on handover: the face, the sound, the content rights, the country of registration.
8. Price monetization as a signal, never as inherited income. Require the seller to withdraw any Diamond balance first.
9. Compare against live comparables in the same niche at the same size, not against a formula.

Anchor the result against real listings. Browse the marketplace, filter to TikTok accounts, and see what similar accounts are listed at. Comparables are the sanity check, and on TikTok there is no formula to fall back on. For a specific bracket, our guide to TikTok accounts with 10k followers covers that tier. The X account valuation guide applies the same discipline where the follower graph does drive reach.

What the transaction costs

Know what you net before agreeing a number. On PlayerSells the escrow fee is 10 percent, with a $2.50 minimum and a $500 maximum. The cap is the part people miss, and it matters most where a TikTok account gets interesting.

Sale price	Escrow fee	Effective rate
$20	$2.50 (minimum applies)	12.5%
$1,000	$100.00	10%
$5,000	$500.00 (cap reached exactly)	10%
$15,000	$500.00 (capped)	3.3%
$40,000	$500.00 (capped)	1.25%

Listing is free. Withdrawals cost $1.50 flat. Crypto deposits are free, bank deposits carry 10 percent. If a funded order is cancelled, a flat $10 middleman fee is retained, because once escrow is funded an agent is handling the transaction either way. Current numbers live on the pricing page.

Why the structure matters more than the number

You can value an account perfectly and still lose the money. The FTC's April 2026 data spotlight reports that in 2025, nearly 30 percent of people who told the agency they lost money to a scam said it started on social media, with losses reaching $2.1 billion, about eight times the 2020 figure of $261 million.

That is the environment a direct-message account deal happens in. Escrow answers it by mechanism: the money is held until ownership transfers, credentials move only after the money is locked, and every message sits on the record so a dispute is decided on evidence rather than on who is more persuasive. No proof, no payment. No confirmation, no release. That is how the deal flow works, and the safety guide covers the rest.

Frequently Asked Questions

How much is a TikTok account with 100k followers worth?

There is no answer from that number alone, and any figure quoted off follower count is a guess. Two 100k accounts can differ by a multiple depending on views in the last 30 days, whether the For You feed still serves the account, audience geography, niche, and violation history. Get the recent views and the median per post, then compare against live listings in the same niche.

Is it legal to buy and sell TikTok accounts?

Selling a real account is not prohibited by US federal law. 16 CFR 465.8 bans trafficking in fake indicators of social media influence, meaning bot followers and fake views, and it applies to buyers as well as sellers. It does not ban selling a genuine account. Separately, TikTok's Terms of Service section 3.2 says not to transfer your account without its permission. That is a platform rule and a real risk factor, which is why it belongs in the price.

Does TikTok monetization transfer to the buyer?

No. Creator Rewards requires the creator to be 18 or older, on a Personal Account, based in one of eight eligible countries with the account registered there, and TikTok requires a Tax Identification Number before making any payments. All of that attaches to a person. LIVE earnings are clearer still: TikTok's Virtual Items Policy states Diamonds may not be transferred to any other user, and that transferred Diamonds are void. Price monetization as evidence the audience is real, never as income you inherit.

Can TikTok take away the username after I buy the account?

Yes, under stated conditions. TikTok's Terms of Service say it may revoke, reclaim, or reassign a username in certain circumstances, including when the account has not been logged into for 180 days, if the account is banned, or if it reasonably believes the username violates its terms. If you are buying a dormant account, ask for the last login date. Idle time runs against that window.

Why is my TikTok account getting no views despite having followers?

Because followers are not distribution on TikTok. Reach comes from the recommendation system, and TikTok makes certain content ineligible for the For You feed. It also says an account can be restricted, limiting your ability to post, appear in top search results, or appear in the FYF. TikTok notes creators can check their analytics to see whether videos were made ineligible for recommendation. Start there, then read your traffic source split.

Does a viral video make an account more valuable?

Usually less, on an adjusted basis. A single spike inflates the average views per post while the median stays put, and it adds followers who came for one moment and will not watch the next post, which drags engagement down. The exception is a spike that reset the baseline, where views stayed elevated for months after. Compare the 30-day and 90-day windows to tell the difference.

Why do US-audience TikTok accounts sell for more?

Advertiser spend. Impressions in mature ad markets are worth more, which is why Meta tells investors revenue is relatively higher in the United States and Europe while impression growth comes from geographies that monetize at lower rates. The same economics price TikTok audiences. Geography also gates the platform's own program: Creator Rewards is open only in eight countries, and the account must be registered in one of them.

How do I check whether a TikTok account has fake followers before buying?

Look for follower growth unmatched by view growth, since real followers watch and bots do not. Check whether follower geography matches the audience territory data. Read the comments for generic filler. Ask for analytics as a screen recording, and check whether TikTok flagged videos as ineligible for recommendation. Artificial engagement also triggers TikTok's own security review, so it is not only a quality problem, it is a standing problem for the account.

Price the distribution, not the profile

TikTok rewards accounts that work now and forgets accounts that worked once. That is inconvenient for sellers with big historical numbers and useful for buyers who know where to look. Take the last 30 days. Take the median. Check whether strangers still see the account. Check the passport of the audience. Check the violations nobody mentions. Then price monetization as a signal, never as an inheritance, because TikTok's own terms say it does not come with the login.

When you are ready, browse current TikTok listings and send that analytics request to every seller who interests you, or list your account with the recent numbers instead of the lifetime ones, which is what serious buyers filter on anyway. Every deal runs through escrow, listing is free, and the fees are public on the pricing page. The case for why this works rests on the escrow flow rather than a badge, and the FAQ covers the rest. Anything we missed goes to support.